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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Thanjavur, established in November 1952 by the Papal Bull Ex Primaevae Ecclesiae, was carved out from the ancient Diocese of Mylapore. It encompasses the civil districts of Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Pudukkottai, and Cuddalore, covering an area of approximately 9,583 km². The diocese serves a total population of about 7 million, of which nearly 470,000 are Catholics.
The diocese is composed of 100 parishes and numerous substations, organized into seven vicariates: Thanjavur, Pattukottai, Pudukkottai, Avudaiyarkoil, Mayiladuthurai, Nagapattinam, and Palayamkottai.
The past shepherds of the diocese include:
Bishop R. A. Sundaram (1953–1986)
Archbishop Packiam Arokiaswamy (1986–1997)
Bishop Devadass Ambrose Mariadoss (1997–2023)
Currently, the diocese is led by Bishop T. Sagayaraj, who was appointed in July 2024 as the fourth bishop and present chief shepherd of Thanjavur.